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Home => History of the world => SingaporeSingapore
The island of Singapore from ancient times was known as Tumasik ( «seaport»). The first mention of it existed on the Malay settlement in the fall by 7. Residents were engaged in fishing and trade. At the end of 13. on the island settled descendant of Maharaja Sumatran States Shrividzhaya - Sri Tri Buana. When it was built by the city of Singapore - «City lion». In the 14 century. Singapore became the most lively maritime and commercial center area Malacca Strait. The city center is located on the slopes of a hill dominating the modern Singapore, there are temples and public buildings in Lower Town, obnesennom pale and rvom, lived the simple people. Raji Singapore fought with the expansion of the Thai state and in 1349 defeated the Thai navy years. But Raja Sri Pikrame Vire (1347-1362) the city lost its independence. He rejected the claim on the yavanskogo States Madzhapahit vassalage and pay tribute and the first otbil attack Javanese. But then the city was besieged huge army Madzhapahita and through betrayal lords one taken by assault. A prosperous center was completely destroyed, and its population cut. Over the next four centuries, the island experienced decline, although at times it tried to settle the Indonesian and Malay rulers. In the 1390's descendant of Maharaja Shrividzhayi - Paramesvara killed Prince Tumasika and began to rule on the island, but in 1398 it attacked the army town of Patani Malay principality. Paramesvara and his own people were forced to move to new capital - Malacca, located on the territory of Peninsular Malaysia. In the next century, the island was under the authority of Malacca, and after its capture of the Portuguese in the early 16 century. - Malay Sultanate of Johor. In the early 19 century. it lived only a few fishermen's families. In 1819 the representative of the British East India Company, Thomas Stamford Raffles concluded with the Sultan of Johor agreement on the establishment on the island of the British trade position. In 1824 Singapore officially became a possession of the British Crown. Using an advantageous geographical situation of the island, Britain turned Singapore into its main support center in the Far East. In 1826 he was part of the colony Streyts Setlments bringing together British possession in the Malacca peninsula, and in 1832 became the center of the colony and gateway to British Malaya. In 1867 Streyts Setlments received the status of a Crown colony. Development of Singapore has contributed to the fact that the colonial authorities declared it a free port. Through the city in Malaya imported Chinese and Indian workers, some of them settle on the island. During 1850 - 1860 the population increased by 1.5 times and reached 82 thousand people, of whom 61% were Chinese. By 1891 in Singapore were 182 thousand people. In the early 20 century. the population of the city once again increased by several times. After opening in 1869 the Suez Canal city was the center of all trade between Europe and the Far East. The new port facilities and manufacturing industries have been adapted for processing and export of raw materials from Malaya and other British colonial possessions in the metropolis. Singapore has a support base for Chinese revolutionaries, Republicans and Indian nationalists, is actively working among the local population. From 1912 on the island acted Gomindan branch of the Chinese party and in 1915 there uprising erupted Indian soldiers, hardly dismal British authorities. Began to emerge and Malay nationalists. In the 1920's in Singapore launched the work of trade unions, among the Chinese island has been severely impact Gomindana, anarchists, and the second half of 1920's - the communists. In 1934-1937 they were influenced by powerful anti-intervention. Colonia Streyts Setlments headed by the Governor, headed by the Executive Board. The Legislative Council discussed the budget and legislation, also appointed by the Governor. In 1921 the British government has decided to establish a military base in Singapore, construction of which was completed in 1938. It was considered impregnable fortress, and was based defense system of British possessions in this part of the globe. However, in February 1942 she was surrendered without a fight Japanese troops after they cut the water pipes supplying water to Singapore. Japanese authorities renamed Singapore in the hay and made it a center of its administration in Malaya and the island of Sumatra. However, in August 1945 in Malaya broke out anti-Japanese armed revolt led by Communists and the Japanese forces surrendered. In September, 1945 in Singapore once again landed the British parts, and the power of Great Britain has been restored. Communist Party of the Organization led by trade unions were defeated and began fighting with British authorities on the territory of Malaya, demanding the independence of the country. Until 1948 the rebels have tried to keep it in Singapore. The authorities have enacted laws emergency. Britain has reorganized its colonial administration. In 1946, she abolished colony Streyts Setlments and divided it: Penang and Malacca were included in the Malay Union, and Singapore became a separate colony. In the political life of Singapore in the early years dominated by the moderate Progressive Party, won all 6 of elected seats in the Legislative Council in 1948 and 6 of 9 seats in 1951. In 1950 the political scene were made by new parties expressed their commitment to democratic socialism - Labor Front (FF) and the People's Action Party (PAN), backed by labor unions. In 1953 British authorities have developed a constitution that included the establishment of the Singapore Legislative Assembly, 25 out of 32 members elected by the people. The leader of the party which won a majority in the elections, becoming the Chief Minister - the head of government. Ministry of defense and internal security, finance and foreign affairs were administered by the British representative, responsible to the Governor. The first is Assembly elections in 1955 brought victory to the left parties - TF got 10 seats, PAN - 3. Moderate Progressive and Democratic Party won 6 seats, the Singapore branch of the Alliance (a coalition of leading parties of Malaya - the United Malay National Organization, the Chinese Association and the Indian Congress of Malaya) - 3, Independent - 3 seats. The Council of Ministers chaired by Singapore's leader TF David Marshall. He began talks with Britain for self-government, but the mother refused to make concessions. In 1956 Marshall resigned under pressure from the right wing of his own party, it has replaced Lim Yu Hok, who went to the assignment of Great Britain and launched reprisals against the PAN and under the influence of trade unions. In 1959, under the terms of a new agreement with the metropolis, Singapore received the status of «self-governing state» comprising the British Commonwealth. In the hands of Great Britain remained defense, external affairs and internal security. It could suspend the constitution, if it considers that the domestic situation in Singapore threatens the implementation of commitments in British foreign policy and military fields. Britain retained on the island with its military bases. Election 1959 ended in complete victory for the opposition PAN, who spoke under the slogan «independent, democratic, non-, socialist Singapore». She received 43 out of 51 seats in the Legislative Assembly and its leader Lee Kuan Yew became prime minister. The Singapore People's Union, established on the basis of factions Lim Yu Hoka and right-wing parties, received 4 seats, the Alliance - 3, Independent - 1. Almost immediately after coming to power in the PND exacerbated internal divisions. The situation in Singapore was heavy. Unemployment rate has exceeded 10%, workers' wages and living standards remained low. The country is shaking the strike, began on capital outflow. Left wing MHP, led by Lin Qi Syanom demanded of radical change, nationalization, targeting China, etc. But Lee Kuan Yew has preferred to pursue moderate policies. In 1961 a split in the PAP: it vydelilis left, created a Socialist Front (Barisan sosialis). Front demanded full independence. The authorities have begun reprisals against the new opposition-minded organizations and trade unions. To strengthen its position, Lee Kuan Yew of Singapore has tried to achieve in Malaya. He agreed with Prime Minister Abdul Rahman Federation of Malaya on the entry of Singapore posed by the Federation of Malaysia, while maintaining his autonomy in matters relating to education, health, labor policies, etc. In 1962 a plan of merger was approved by the people of Singapore for the referendum. In formally established on August 31, 1963 the Federation of Malaysia, Singapore received a state he had to pay the federal government 40% of their income from taxes. Singapore's ruling circles had hoped that its entry into Malaysia will lead to the development of foreign trade and facilitate access of goods to Singapore Malaysian market. Also, Lee Kuan Yew had to unite the Chinese people of Malaysia and the PAP tried to power the entire federation. In the wake of these expectations PAP to win election to the Legislative Assembly in Singapore in 1963: she has collected 47% of the votes and gained 37 seats. The share of the Socialist Front won 35% of the vote and 13 seats. The Federal Party, formed on the basis of the Alliance, received no seats. Front declared a general strike was suppressed, party activists arrested, and the Unification of Singaporean unions - is prohibited. Reprisals against the Socialist Front continued, as its leaders have voiced support antimalayziyskoy campaign carried out by Indonesia. During 1961-1965 the Government of Lee Kuan Yew has been able to achieve significant progress: it was enacted nearly 100 new businesses created more jobs. At the end of 1963 was launched by the five-year program of industrialization. However, not all hope authorities in Singapore relating to the establishment of Malaysia to implement. The Government of the Federation has imposed quantitative restrictions and protectionist tariffs on some industrial products in Singapore production licenses for the construction of new plants in Singapore brakes. Singapore has been invited to integrate their development plans in obschemalayziyskie. Central Government to increase the proportion of state revenues transferred to the federation. The Singapore side has complained of discrimination in Malaysia: Malaysian citizenship provision of Singaporeans have been limited, but the state received a disproportionately low representation in legislative bodies of the federation. PPM has tried to extend its activities to the whole Malaysia, demanding its democratization and greater equality for the Chinese people. In 1964, Lee Kuan Yew launched a program combining forces «democratic socialism» throughout the federation and the establishment of a united Malaysian nation. These actions resulted in a sharp discontent in the ruling circles of Malaya. For its part, the ruling of the Federal Party of Malaya has sought to expand its work in Singapore and accuses the government of Lee Kuan Yew of discrimination Malays. During the summer of 1 9 64 in the Singapore bloodiest occurred Malayo-Chinese clashes, more than 20 people were killed, authorities imposed the state of siege. In 1965 PND start obschemalayziyskuyu create a coalition of opposition parties under the banner of creating «democratic Malaysian Malaysia» as opposed to the current «Malay Malaysia». In these circumstances, the central government to get rid of the federation pospeshilo stroptivogo state. The leaders of Malaysia and Singapore signed a formal agreement on the withdrawal of Singapore from the federation, and 9 Aug., 1965, he officially became an independent republic. Between the two countries started «Customs war», which did not subside for several years. The Government of independent Singapore to undertake vigorous measures to stimulate economic development. Since 1966 the authorities have provided significant tax incentives industry, enterprises which produce export products. Have been introduced incentives for investors in industrial production and exports. The country began a rapid economic growth, which has enabled it to become the most developed in economic relations in Southeast Asia. By 1990 th years Singapore has become a major regional and international center for trade, finance, marketing, services and development of advanced technologies. At the level of computerization, he went to the second highest in Asia after Japan. The internal policy of the Government of the country remained tight. MHP is firmly hold power in their hands. In the elections 1968, 1972, 1976 and 1980, she received all the seats in parliament. In the 1980's and 1990's percentage of votes it receives fell slightly (from 72-78% to 61-65%), but the party are still vast numbers of parliamentary seats: 77 out of 79 in 1984, 80 out of 81 in 1988, 77 out of 81 in 1991 and 81 out of 83 in 1997. The share accounted for only a few opponents of mandates: in 1984 for one seat were working and the Democratic Party in 1988 to the parliament hit only one Democrat MP in 1991 - three Democrats and one member of RP in 1997 - one deputy from the RP and People's Party. In 1990 a change in the leadership of the country. Permanent Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Kuan Yew gave way to his post Goh Chok Tong. In 1996 amendments were made to the existing constitution, which limited the jurisdiction of the president of the republic. Parliament was right to reject the presidential veto by a two thirds majority. The Government could introduce legislation through a referendum. At the turn of 21 century, the authorities of Singapore has made new efforts to restore economic growth and solve the demographic problems of the country. In 1999 the Government launched with financial assistance from the U.S. campaign for the Development of Education in order to produce skilled manpower in information technology and biotechnology. In 2001 enacted measures to promote fertility. Parliamentary elections in November 2001 once again brought the success of the ruling PAP, which has collected more than 75% of the votes and won 82 out of 84 seats in parliament. |
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